Acetoacetate
Plasma
< 3 mg/L
< 0.3 mmol/L
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), red blood cells
Blood
26.7–49.2 U/g Hb
1.72–3.17 x 106 U/mol Hb
Acid phosphatase (adults)
Serum
0.5–5 U/L
8–83 nkat/L
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
Plasma
30–40 seconds
—
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Serum
9–52 pg/mL (morning draw)
2–11 pmol/L (morning draw)
Serum
3.5–5.4 g/dL
35–54 g/L
Aldosterone:
Standing
Serum
7–20 ng/dL
194–554 pmol/L
Supine
Serum
2–5 ng/dL
55–138 pmol/L
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Serum
36–150 U/L
0.5–2.5 mckat/L
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT)
Serum
100–273 mg/dL
18–50 mcmol/L
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
Serum
< 20 ng/mL
< 20 mcg/L
Serum
15–23 mcg/L
1.14–1.75 mcmol/L
Aminotransferase, alanine (ALT)
Serum
< 35 U/L
< 0.58 mckat/L
Aminotransferase, aspartate (AST)
Serum
< 35 U/L
< 0.58 mckat/L
Ammonia
Plasma
40–80 mcg/dL
23–47 mcmol/L
Amylase
Serum
< 110 U/L
< 1.8 mckat/L
Antibodies to extractable nuclear antigen (AENA)
Serum
< 20.0 units/mL
—
Anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies
Serum
≤ 20 units/mL
—
Plasma
< 1.7 pg/mL
< 1.57 pmol/L
Anti–double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies, IgG
Serum
< 25 IU
—
Antimitochondrial M2 antibodies
Serum
< 0.1 units
—
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (cANCA)
Serum
Negative
—
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
Serum
≤ 1.0 units
—
Anti–smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA) titer
Serum
≤ 1:80
—
Antistreptolysin O titer
Serum
< 150 units
—
Antithyroid microsomal antibody titer
Serum
< 1:100
—
+Antitrypsin, Alpha-1 (AAT)
Serum
83–199 mg/dL
15.3–36.6 mcmol/L
Apolipoproteins:
A-I, females
Serum
98–210 mg/dL
0.98–2.1 g/L
A-I, males
Serum
88–180 mg/dL
0.88–1.8 g/L
B-100, females
Serum
44–148 mg/dL
0.44–1.48 g/L
B-100, males
Serum
55–151 mg/dL
0.55–1.51 g/L
Bicarbonate
Serum
23–28 mEq/L
23–28 mmol/L
Bilirubin:
Direct
Serum
0–0.3 mg/dL
0–5.1 mcmol/L
Total
Serum
0.3–1.2 mg/dL
5.1–20.5 mcmol/L
Blood volumes (radioisotope labeling):
Plasma, females*
Blood
28–43 mL/kg body wt
0.028–0.043 L/kg body wt
Plasma, males*
Blood
25–44 mL/kg body wt
0.025–0.044 L/kg body wt
Red blood cells, females*
Blood
20–30 mL/kg body wt
0.02–0.03 L/kg body wt
Red blood cells, males*
Blood
25–35 mL/kg body wt
0.025–0.035 L/kg body wt
Brain (B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Plasma
< 100 pg/mL
< 100 ng/L
Females
Serum
< 8 pg/mL
< 8ng/L
Males
Serum
< 16 pg/mL
< 16 ng/L
Calcium
Serum
9–10.5 mg/dL
2.2–2.6 mmol/L
Cancer antigen (CA):
CA 125
Serum
< 35 U/mL
< 35 kU/L
CA 15-3
Serum
< 30 U/mL
< 30 kU/L
Carbon dioxide (CO2) content
Serum
23–28 mEq/L
23–28 mmol/L
Carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2)
Blood
Arterial: 35–45 mm Hg
Venous: 38–50 mm Hg
Arterial: 4.7–6.0 kPa
Venous: 5.1–6.7 kPa
Carboxyhemoglobin
Plasma
0.5–5%
—
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Serum
< 3 ng/mL
Patients who smoke: < 5 ng/mL
< 3 mcg/L
Patients who smoke: < 5 mcg/L
Carotene
Serum
75–300 mcg/dL
1.4–5.6 mcmol/L
CD4:CD8 ratio
Blood
1.0–4.0
—
CD4+ T-cell count
Blood
640–1175/mcL
0.64–1.18 x 109/L
CD8+ T-cell count
Blood
335–875/mcL
0.34–0.88 x 109/L
Ceruloplasmin
Serum
14–40 mg/dL
0.93–2.65 mcmol/L
Chloride
Serum
98–106 mEq/L
98–106 mmol/L
Cholesterol, desirable level:
High-density lipoprotein (HDL-C)
Plasma
≥ 40 mg/dL
≥ 1.04 mmol/L
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C)
Plasma
≤ 130 mg/dL
≤ 3.36 mmol/L
Total (TC)
Plasma
150–199 mg/dL
3.88–5.15 mmol/L
Coagulation factors:
Factor I
Plasma
150–300 mg/dL
1.5–3.5 g/L
Factor II
Plasma
60–150% of normal
—
Plasma
60–150% of normal
—
Factor V
Plasma
60–150% of normal
—
Factor VII
Plasma
60–150% of normal
—
Factor VIII
Plasma
60–150% of normal
—
Plasma
60–150% of normal
—
Factor XI
Plasma
60–150% of normal
—
Factor XII
Plasma
60–150% of normal
—
Complement:
C3
Serum
90–180 mg/dL
0.9–1.8 g/L
C4
Serum
10–40 mg/dL
0.10–0.40 g/L
Total (CH50)
Serum
30–75 U/mL
30–75 kU/L
Serum
70–155 mcg/dL
11–24.3 mcmol/L
Cortisol:
Serum
> 18 mcg/dL and usually ≥ 8 mcg/dL above baseline
> 498 nmol/L and usually ≥ 221 nmol/L above baseline
At 5 PM
Serum
3–13 mcg/dL
83–359 nmol/L
At 8 AM
Serum
8–20 mcg/dL
251–552 nmol/L
After overnight suppression test
Serum
< 5 mcg/dL
< 138 nmol/L
C-peptide
Serum
0.9–4.3 ng/mL
297–1419 pmol/L
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Serum
< 0.8 mg/dL
< 8.0 mg/L
C-reactive protein, highly sensitive (hsCRP)
Serum
< 0.2 mg/dL
< 2.0 mg/L
Creatine kinase (CK)
Serum
30–170 U/L
0.5–2.83 mckat/L
Creatinine
Serum
Men: 0.7–1.2 mg/dL
Women: 0.5–1.0 mg/dL
Men: 60–110 mcmol/L
Women: 45–90 mcmol/L
D-dimer
Plasma
≤ 500 ng/mL FEU (Fibrinogen Equivalent Units)
< 3 nmol/L FEU
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S):
Females
Plasma
0.6–3.3 mg/mL
1.6–8.9 mcmol/L
Males
Plasma
1.3–5.5 mg/mL
3.5–14.9 mcmol/L
Serum
15–23 mcg/L
1.14–1.75 mcmol/L
11-Deoxycortisol (DOC):
Plasma
> 7 mcg/dL
> 203 nmol/L
Basal
Plasma
< 5 mcg/dL
< 145 nmol/L
D-Xylose level 2 hours after ingestion of 25 g of D-xylose
Serum
> 20 mg/dL
> 1.3 nmol/L
Plasma
< 75 ng/L
< 410 pmol/L
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR):
Females
Blood
0–20 mm/hour
0–20 mm/hour
Males
Blood
0–15 mm/hour
0–20 mm/hour
Erythropoietin
Serum
2.6–18.5 mIU/mL
2.6–18.5 IU/L
Day 1–10 of menstrual cycle
Serum
14–27 pg/mL
50–100 pmol/L
Day 11–20 of menstrual cycle
Serum
14–54 pg/mL
50–200 pmol/L
Day 21–30 of menstrual cycle
Serum
19–40 pg/mL
70–150 pmol/L
Serum
10–30 pg/mL
37–110 pmol/L
Ferritin:
Females
Serum
30–200 ng/mL
30–200 mcg/L
Males
Serum
30–300 ng/mL
30–300 mcg/L
Fetoprotein, Alpha (AFP)
Serum
< 8.4 ng/mL
< 8.4 mcg/L
Fibrinogen
Plasma
150–350 mg/dL
1.5–3.5 g/L
Red blood cells
Blood
160–855 ng/mL
362–1937 nmol/L
Serum
Serum
2.5–20 ng/mL
5.7–45.3 nmol/L
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), females:
Follicular or luteal phase
Serum
5–20 mU/mL
5–20 U/L
Midcycle peak
Serum
30–50 mU/mL
30–50 U/L
Postmenopausal
Serum
> 35 mU/mL
> 35 U/L
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), adult males
Serum
5–15 mU/mL
5–15 U/L
Fructosamine (glycated protein)
Plasma
200–285 mcmol/L
200-285 mcmol/L
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
Serum
Adult male: 8–61 U/L
Adult female: 5–36 U/L
Adult male: 0.14–1.03 mckat/L
Adult female:0.09–0.61 mckat/L
Gastrin
Serum
0–180 pg/mL
0–180 ng/L
Globulins:
Serum
2.5–3.5 g/dL
25–35 g/L
Alpha-1 globulins
Serum
0.2–0.4 g/dL
2–4 g/L
Alpha-2 globulins
Serum
0.5–0.9 g/dL
5–9 g/L
Beta globulins
Serum
0.6–1.1 g/dL
6–11 g/L
Beta-2 microglobulin
Serum
0.7–1.8 mcg/mL
0.7–1.8 mg/L
Gamma globulins
Serum
0.7–1.7 g/dL
7–17 g/L
Glucose:
2-hour postprandial
Plasma
< 140 mg/dL
< 7.8 mmol/L
Fasting
Plasma
70–105 mg/dL
3.9–5.8 mmol/L
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
Blood
5–15 U/g Hb
0.32–0.97 mU/ mol Hb
Glutamyl transpeptidase, Gamma (GGT)
Serum
Adult male: 8–61 U/L
Adult female: 5–36 U/L
Adult male: 0.14–1.03 mckat/L
Adult female: 0.09–0.61 mckat/L
Growth hormone:
After oral glucose
Plasma
< 2 ng/mL
< 2 mcg/L
In response to provocative stimuli
Plasma
> 7 ng/mL
> 7 mcg/L
Haptoglobin
Serum
30–200 mg/dL
0.3–2 g/L
Hematocrit:
Females
Blood
36–47%
—
Males
Blood
41–51%
—
Hemoglobin:
Females
Blood
12–16 g/dL
120–160 g/L
Males
Blood
14–17 g/dL
140–170 g/L
Hemoglobin A1C
Blood
4.7–8.5%
—
Hemoglobin electrophoresis, adults:
Hb A1
Blood
95–98%
—
Hb A2
Blood
2–3%
—
Hb C
Blood
0%
—
Hb F
Blood
0.8–2.0%
—
Hb S
Blood
0%
—
Hemoglobin electrophoresis, Hb F in children:
Neonate
Blood
50–80%
—
1–6 months
Blood
8%
—
> 6 months
Blood
1–2%
—
hom*ocysteine:
Females
Plasma
0.40–1.89 mg/L
3–14 mcmol/L
Males
Plasma
0.54–2.16 mg/L
4–16 mcmol/L
Serum
< 5 mIU/mL
< 5 IU/L
Immunoglobulins:
IgA
Serum
70–300 mg/dL
0.7–3.0 g/L
IgD
Serum
< 8 mg/dL
< 80 mg/L
IgE
Serum
0.01–0.04 mg/dL
0.1–0.4 mg/L
IgG
Serum
640–1430 mg/dL
6.4–14.3 g/L
IgG1
Serum
280–1020 mg/dL
2.8–10.2 g/L
IgG2
Serum
60–790 mg/dL
0.6–7.9 g/L
IgG3
Serum
14–240 mg/dL
0.14–2.4 g/L
IgG4
Serum
11–330 mg/dL
0.11–3.3 g/L
IgM
Serum
20–140 mg/dL
0.2–1.4 g/L
Serum
2.6–24.9 mcIU/mL
15.6–149.4 pmol/L
International normalized ratio (INR):
Therapeutic range (standard intensity therapy)
Plasma
2.0–3.0
—
Therapeutic range in higher risk patients (eg, those with prosthetic heart valves)
Plasma
2.5–3.5
—
Therapeutic range in patients with lupus anticoagulant
Plasma
3.0–3.5
—
Iron
Serum
Males: 50–150 mcg/dL
Females: 35–145 mcg/dL
Males: 9.2–27.5 mcmol/L
Females: 6.4–26.5 mcmol/L
Iron-binding capacity, total (TIBC)
Serum
250–460 mcg/dL
45–82 mcmol/L
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Serum
60–160 U/L
1–1.67 mckat/L
Lactic acid, venous
Blood
6–16 mg/dL
0.67–1.8 mmol/L
Lactose tolerance test
Plasma
> 15 mg/dL increase in plasma glucose level
> 0.83 mmol/L increase in plasma glucose level
Lead
Blood
Pediatric patients: < 20 mcg/dL
Adult patients: < 80 mcg/dL
Pediatric patients: < 0.97 mcmol/L
Adult patients: < 3.86 mcmol/L
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) score
Peripheral blood smear
13–130/100/ polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte neutrophils and bands
—
Lipase
Serum
< 95 U/L
< 1.58 mckat/L
Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)]
Serum
≤ 10 mg/dL
< 13nmol/L
Luteinizing hormone (LH), females:
Follicular or luteal phase
Serum
5–22 mU/mL
5–22 U/L
Midcycle peak
Serum
30–250 mU/mL
30–250 U/L
Postmenopausal
Serum
> 30 mU/mL
> 30 U/L
Luteinizing hormone, males
Serum
3–15 mU/mL
3–15 U/L
Magnesium
Serum
1.5–2.4 mg/dL
0.62–0.99 mmol/L
Serum
0.3–0.9 ng/mL
5.5–16.4 nmol/L
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
Blood
28–32 pg
—
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Blood
32–36 g/dL
320–360 g/L
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Blood
80–100 fL
—
Metanephrines, fractionated:
Metanephrines, free
Plasma
< 0.50 nmol/L
—
Normetanephrines, free
Plasma
< 0.90 nmol/L
—
Methemoglobin
Blood
< 1.0%
—
Methylmalonic acid (MMA)
Serum
≤ 400 nmol/L
47.2 ng/L
Myoglobin:
Females
Serum
25–58 mcg/L
1.4–3.5 nmol/L
Males
Serum
28–72 mcg/L
1.6–4.1 nmol/L
Plasma
50–440 pg/mL
0.3–2.6 nmol/L
N-Terminal propeptide of BNP (NT-proBNP)
Plasma
< 75 years: < 125 pg/mL
≥ 75 years: < 450 pg/mL
< 125 ng/L
< 450 ng/L
5'-Nucleotidase (5'NT)
Serum
4–11.5 U/L
—
Osmolality
Plasma
275–295 mOsm/kg H2O
275–295 mmol/ kg H2O
Osmotic fragility test
Blood
—
Oxygen partial pressure (PO2)
Blood
Arterial: 80–100 mm Hg
10.7–13.3 kPa
Serum
10–65 pg/mL
10–65 ng/L
Plasma
< 2.0 pmol/L
—
Partial thromboplastin time, activated (aPTT)
Plasma
25–35 seconds
—
pH
Blood
Arterial: 7.35–7.45
Venous: 7.32–7.43
—
—
Phosphorus, inorganic
Serum
3.0–4.5 mg/dL
0.97–1.45 mmol/L
Platelet count
Blood
150–350 x 103/mcL
150–350 x 109/L
—
8–12 days
—
Porphyrins
Plasma
≤ 1.0 mcg/dL
≤ 10 mcg/L
Potassium
Serum
3.5–5 mEq/L
3.5–5 mmol/L
Prealbumin (transthyretin)
Serum
18–45 mg/dL
180–450 mg/L
Follicular phase
Serum
< 1 ng/mL
< 0.03 nmol/L
Luteal phase
Serum
3–30 ng/mL
0.1–0.95 nmol/L
Prolactin:
Females (nonpregnant)
Serum
< 20 mcg/L
< 870 pmol/L
Males
Serum
< 15 mcg/L
< 652 pmol/L
Prostate-specific antigen, total (PSA-T)
Serum
0–4 ng/mL
0–4 mcg/L
Prostate-specific antigen, ratio of free to total (PSA-F:PSA-T)
Serum
> 0.25
—
Protein C activity
Plasma
67–131%
—
Protein C resistance, activated ratio (APC-R)
Plasma
2.2–2.6
—
Protein S activity
Plasma
82–144%
—
Protein, total
Serum
6–7.8 g/dL
60–78 g/L
Prothrombin time (PT)
Plasma
11–13 seconds
—
Pyruvic acid
Blood
0.08–0.16 mmol/L
—
Red blood cell count
Blood
4.2–5.9 x 106 cells/mcL
4.2–5.9 x 1012 cells/L
Red blood cell survival rate, using 51Cr
Blood
T1/2 = 28 days
—
Renin activity, plasma (PRA), upright, in males and females aged 18–39 years:
Sodium-depleted
Plasma
2.9–24 ng/mL/hour
2.9–24 mcg/L/hour
Sodium-repleted
Plasma
0.6 (or lower)–4.3 ng/mL/hour
0.6 (or lower)–4.3 mcg/L/hour
Reticulocyte count:
Percentage
Blood
0.5–1.5%
—
Absolute
Blood
23–90 x 103/mcL
23–90 x 109/L
Rheumatoid factor (RF), by nephelometry
Serum
< 20 IU/mL
< 20 kIU/L
Sodium
Serum
136–145 mEq/L
136–145 mmol/L
Females
Serum
20–75 ng/dL
0.7–2.6 nmol/L
Males
Serum
300–1200 ng/dL
10–42 nmol/L
Plasma
18.5–24 seconds
—
Thyroid iodine-123 (123I) uptake
—
5–30% of administered dose at 24 hour
—
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Serum
0.5–5.0 mcIU/mL
0.5–5.0 mIU/L
Thyroxine (T4):
Free
Serum
0.9–2.4 ng/dL
12–31 pmol/L
Free index
—
4–11
—
Total
Serum
5–12 mcg/dL
64–155 nmol/L
Transferrin
Serum
200–360 mg/dL
2.0–3.6 g/L
Transferrin saturation
Serum
20–50%
—
Triglycerides (fasting)
Serum
Normal: < 150 mg/dL
Borderline: 150–199 mg/dL
High: 200–499 mg/dL
Very high: ≥ 500 mg/dL
Normal: < 1.69 mmol/L
Borderline: 1.69–2.25 mmol/L
High: 2.26–5.64 mmol/L
Very high: > 5.65 mmol/L
Triiodothyronine (T3):
Uptake
Serum
25–35%
—
Total
Serum
70–195 ng/dL
1.1–3.0 nmol/L
Troponin I (Contemporary assay)
Plasma
< 0.04 ng/mL
< 0.04 mcg/L
Troponin I, highly sensitive (hs-TnI)
Serum
Females: ≤ 10 ng/L
Males: ≤ 15 ng/L
<1.0 mcg/L
<1.5 mcg/L
Troponin T (Contemporary assay)
Serum
≤ 0.03 ng/mL
≤ 0.03 mcg/L
Troponin T, highly sensitive (hs-TnT)
Serum
Females: ≤ 10 ng/L
Males: ≤ 15 ng/L
<1.0 mcg/L
<1.5 mcg/L
Serum
8–20 mg/dL
2.9–7.1 mmol/L
Uric acid
Serum
2.5–8 mg/dL
0.15–0.47 mmol/L
Vitamin B12
Serum
200–800 pg/mL
148–590 pmol/L
Leukocyte
Blood
< 20 mg/dL
< 1136 mcmol/L
Total
Blood
0.4–1.5 mg/dL
23–85 mcmol/L
Serum
25–65 pg/mL
65–169 pmol/L
25-Hydroxycholecalciferol
Serum
15–80 ng/mL
37–200 nmol/L
White blood cell count
Blood
4.5–11 x 103 cells/mcL
4.5–11 x 109 cells/L
Segmented neutrophils
2.6–8.5 x 103 cells/mcL
2.6–8.5 x 109 cells/L
Band neutrophils
0–1.2 x 103 cells/mcL
0–1.2 x 109 cells/L
Lymphocytes
0.77–4.5 x 103 cells/mcL
0.77–4.5 x 109 cells/L
Monocytes
0.14–1.3 x 103 cells/mcL
0.14–1.3 x 109 cells/L
Eosinophils
0–0.55 x 103 cells/mcL
0–0.55 x 109 cells/L
Basophils
0–0.22 x 103 cells/mcL
0–0.22 x 109 cells/L
Zinc
Serum
66–110 mcg/dL
10.1–16.8 mcmol/L